《Cultural Heritage》SectionⅢ PPT
第一部分内容：语法精讲
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
课前自主领悟
用适当的关系词填空
1．(教材P4)There comes a time ___________ the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future．
2．(教材P4)After listening to the scientists ___________ had studied the problem, and citizens ___________ lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help in 1959．
3．(教材P4)Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place ___________they were safe from the water．
4．(教材P8)Today, the caves are just as international as they were at the time ___________ people travelled the Silk Road．
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Cultural Heritage PPT，第二部分内容：课堂要点精析
定语从句的种类
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
1．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as；关系副词有where, when, why。
◆This is the computer (that/which) he bought for his son yesterday．
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
◆The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher．
在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。
◆I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise．
我隔壁住着一对夫妇，他们的孩子经常吵闹。
2．非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。
◆He is English, which I know from his accent．
他是英国人，那是我通过他的口音知道的。
◆I heard a terrible noise, which brought my heart into my mouth．
我听到了一个可怕的声音，这使我非常害怕。
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法比较
1．形式不同
限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。
◆Here is the man who has been punished by the boss．
这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。(限制性定语从句)
◆The project, which lasted three years, cost no less than $1 billion．
这个工程历时三年，耗资多达十亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)
2．先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。试比较：
◆This is the best novel that I have ever read．
这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是novel)
◆The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting．
我昨天晚上看过那部小说了，它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句，先行词为novel)
◆The novel is very interesting, which makes me very excited．
那部小说很有意思，这让我很兴奋。(非限制性定语从句，which指代前面整句话的内容)
3．关系词的使用情况不同
(1)that, why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，指物时要用which代替that, for which代替why
◆Most people didn’t vote for him, which disappointed him．
大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他感到失望。
◆I have told them the reason, for which I changed my mind．
我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。
◆This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about．
这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)
◆The old woman has three sons, whom she is proud of．
这位老妇人有三个引以为豪的儿子。(非限制性定语从句)
②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。
◆She has a younger brother, who is an English teacher．
她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。
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